This essay is targeted at new students of computer programming or computer science who want to understand how base two (binary), base eight (octal), and base sixteen (hexadecimal) work.

First of all, it’s important to realize that each of these base systems is just another way of writing down the same number. When you convert a number between different bases, it should still have the same value. In this essay, when I want to refer to the actual value of a number (regardless of its base), I’ll do it in base 10 because that’s what most people are used to.

It’s generally easiest to understand the concept of different bases by looking at base 10. When we have a number in base 10, each digit can be referred to as the ones digit, tens digit, the hundreds digit, the thousands digit, or so forth. For instance, in the number 432, 4 is the hundreds digit, 3 is the tens digit, and 2 is the ones digit.

Another way to think about this is to rewrite 432 as

  4 x 102

+ 3 x 101

+ 2 x 100

Each digit is multiplied by the next power of ten. Numbers in other bases, such as base 16, are merely numbers where the base is not ten! For instance, we could interpret 432 as though it were in base 16 by evaluating it as

  4 x 162

+ 3 x 161

+ 2 x 100

This would be the same as the number 1074 in base 10.

So to convert a number from a given base into base 10, all we need to do is treat each place as a power of the given base times the value of the digit in that place. Note that customarily for a given base, only digits from 0 to the base minus one are used. For instance, in decimal, we only use the digits 0 through 9. That’s because we don’t need any more digits to express every possible number. (But we do need at least that many; if we only had 8 digits, how would we ever express the value 9?)

Now, bases greater than 10 will require more than 10 possible digits. For intsance, the number 11 in base ten can be expressed in base 16 with only a single digit because the ones place in base 16 can range from 0 to 15. Since we only have 10 digits, the letters A through F are used to stand for the “digits” 10 through 15. So, for instance, the hexadecimal number B stands for the decimal number 11.

Bases less than ten will require fewer digits–for instance, binary, which works using powers of two, only needs two digits: one and zero. The binary number 1001, for instance, is the same as writing

 1 * 23

1 * 22

1 * 21

1 * 20

which comes out to the decimal value 9.

Numbers written in octal use a base of 8 instead of 2 or 16. See if you can figure out what the number 20 written in octal would be in base ten.

Because octal, hexadecimal, and decimal numbers can often share the same digits, there needs to be some way of distinguishing between them. Traditionally, octal numbers are written with a leading 0; for instance, 020 is the same thing as the number 20 in base 8. Hexadecimal numbers are written with the prefix of “0x”. So 0x20 would be the number 20 in base 16; we’d interpret it the same as the decimal number 32.