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Some applications require data to be delivered from a sender to multiple receivers. Examples of such applications include audio and video broadcasts, real-time delivery of stock quotes, and teleconferencing applications.…

The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) was introduced in 1997 by Haas and Pearlman.    It is either a proactive or reactive protocol. It is a hybrid routing protocol.    It combines the advantages…

AODV was proposed to standardization by the RFC 3561 in July 2003. It was designed by the same people who designed DSDV. AODV is a distance vector routing protocol, which…

The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes.   DSR allows the network to…

DSDV was one of the first proactive routing protocols available for Ad Hoc networks. It was developed by C. Perkins in 1994, 5 years before the informational RFC of the…

ROUTING  Routing is the act of moving information across the network from a source to a destination. It is also referred as the process of choosing a path over which…

The dynamic host configuration protocol is mainly used to simplify the installation and maintenance of networked computers. If a new computer is connected to a network, DHCP can provide it…

While systems like GSM have been designed with mobility in mind, the internet started at a time when no one had thought of mobile computers. Today‘s internet lacks any mechanisms…

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),…

INTRODUCTION:  General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems, 3G systems and GSM. GPRS re-use the existing GSM infrastructure.…