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The basic approach is not much different from message switching. It is also based on the same ‘store-and-forward’ approach. However, to overcome the limitations of message switching, messages are divided…

In this switching method, a different strategy is used, where instead of establishing a dedicated physical line between the sender and the receiver, the message is sent to the nearest…

Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: ·         Understand the need for circuit switching ·         Specify the components of a switched communication network ·         Explain…

Special Instructional Objectives: ·         On completion, the student will be able to: ·         Explain how High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) works ·         Explain how piggybacking is done in HDLC ·         Explain how data transparency…

Special Instructional Objectives: On completion, the student will be able to: ·         State the need for flow and error control ·         Explain how Stop-and-wait flow control works ·         Explain how Sliding-window protocol is…

Defining the fifth-generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is still in its infancy. The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by Artificial Intelligence (At). An example of Al…

The general features of the fourth-generation computers were: ·         Use of Very Large-Scale Integration, ·         Invention of microcomputers, ·         Introduction of Personal Computers, ·         Networking, ·         Fourth Generation Languages.                                                       VLSI          The third-generation computers…

The third-generation computers were characterized by: ·         Use of Integrated circuits, ·         Phenomenal increase in computation speed, ·         Substantial reduction in size and power consumption of the machines, ·         Use of magnetic tapes and…

In the second-generation computers: ·         Vacuum tube technology was replaced by transistorized technology, ·         Size of the computers started reducing, ·         Assembly language started being used in place of machine language, ·         Concept of…

The following table shows the different short-cut keys frequently used while working on the computer system − Function Short-cut keys Commonly Used Short-cut Keys F1 Universal help (for any sort…