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In a synchronous system such as SONET, the average frequency of all clocks in the system will be the same (synchronous) or nearly the same (plesiochronous). Every clock can be…

Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: ·         Explain the operation of a SONET network ·         Explain the function of different SONET layers ·         Specify…

This approach uses a different, more dynamic scheme, to determine the route through the network links. Each packet is treated as an independent entity, and its header contains full information…

The basic approach is not much different from message switching. It is also based on the same ‘store-and-forward’ approach. However, to overcome the limitations of message switching, messages are divided…

In this switching method, a different strategy is used, where instead of establishing a dedicated physical line between the sender and the receiver, the message is sent to the nearest…

Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: ·         Understand the need for circuit switching ·         Specify the components of a switched communication network ·         Explain…

Special Instructional Objectives: ·         On completion, the student will be able to: ·         Explain how High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) works ·         Explain how piggybacking is done in HDLC ·         Explain how data transparency…

Special Instructional Objectives: On completion, the student will be able to: ·         State the need for flow and error control ·         Explain how Stop-and-wait flow control works ·         Explain how Sliding-window protocol is…

Defining the fifth-generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is still in its infancy. The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by Artificial Intelligence (At). An example of Al…

The general features of the fourth-generation computers were: ·         Use of Very Large-Scale Integration, ·         Invention of microcomputers, ·         Introduction of Personal Computers, ·         Networking, ·         Fourth Generation Languages.                                                       VLSI          The third-generation computers…