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The wireless markup language (WML) (WAP Forum, 2000j) is based on the standard HTML known from the www and on HDML (King, 1997). WML is specified as an XML (W3C, 1998a) document…

Browsing the web using the WML browser is only one application for a handheld device user. Say a user still wants to make phone calls and access all the features…

The wireless transaction protocol (WTP) is on top of either WDP or, if security is required, WTLS (WAP Forum, 2000d). WTP has been designed to run on very thin clients,…

If requested by an application, a security service, the wireless transport layer security (WTLS), can be integrated into the WAP architecture on top of WDP as specified in (WAP Forum, 2000c). WTLS can…

The Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) operates on top of many different bearer services capable of carrying data. At the T-SAP WDP offers a consistent datagram transport service independent of the underlying…

The above Figure gives an overview of the WAP architecture, its protocols and components, and compares this architecture with the typical internet architecture when using the World Wide Web. This…

The M-TCP (mobile TCP)1 approach has the same goals as I-TCP and snooping TCP: to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or disconnection but not congestion cause current…

MANET is the short form of Mobile AdHoc Network. In ad-hoc networks all the nodes are mobile in nature and hence they can be interfaced dynamically in arbitrary fashion. As we know…

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for future intelligent transportation system (ITS). These networks have no fixed infrastructure and…

Here is a brief overview of the multicast routing protocols that have been developed for the Internet. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP):5 DVMRP was the first multicast routing protocol developed for…