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If requested by an application, a security service, the wireless transport layer security (WTLS), can be integrated into the WAP architecture on top of WDP as specified in (WAP Forum, 2000c). WTLS can…

The Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP) operates on top of many different bearer services capable of carrying data. At the T-SAP WDP offers a consistent datagram transport service independent of the underlying…

The above Figure gives an overview of the WAP architecture, its protocols and components, and compares this architecture with the typical internet architecture when using the World Wide Web. This…

The M-TCP (mobile TCP)1 approach has the same goals as I-TCP and snooping TCP: to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or disconnection but not congestion cause current…

MANET is the short form of Mobile AdHoc Network. In ad-hoc networks all the nodes are mobile in nature and hence they can be interfaced dynamically in arbitrary fashion. As we know…

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile Ad Hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for future intelligent transportation system (ITS). These networks have no fixed infrastructure and…

Here is a brief overview of the multicast routing protocols that have been developed for the Internet. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP):5 DVMRP was the first multicast routing protocol developed for…

Some applications require data to be delivered from a sender to multiple receivers. Examples of such applications include audio and video broadcasts, real-time delivery of stock quotes, and teleconferencing applications.…

The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) was introduced in 1997 by Haas and Pearlman.    It is either a proactive or reactive protocol. It is a hybrid routing protocol.    It combines the advantages…

AODV was proposed to standardization by the RFC 3561 in July 2003. It was designed by the same people who designed DSDV. AODV is a distance vector routing protocol, which…