Year: 2021

Introduction Microwave frequencies, which travel in straight lines, are commonly used for wideband communication. The curvature of the earth results in obstruction of the signal between two earth stations and…

The Bluetooth architecture, showing all the major layers in the Bluetooth system, are depicted in the Fig. The layers below can be considered to be different hurdles in an obstacle…

Introduction Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range radio technology, which is developed for Personal Area Network (PAN). Bluetooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that allows…

Introduction In the last two decades the wired version of LAN has gained wide popularity and largescale deployment. The IEEE 802.3 standard has been revised and extended every few years.…

Brief History and the IEEE 802.3z Task Force As applications increased, the demand on the network, newer, high-speed protocols such as FDDI and ATM became available. However, in the last…

This option uses two pairs of category 5 UTP or two shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable to connect a station to hub as shown in Fig. One pair is used to…

This option is designed to avoid overwriting. It is used for half-duplex communication using four wire-pairs of the existing category 3 UTP cables, which are already available for telephone services…

Introduction In the preceding lesson we have seen that high-speed LANs have emerged broadly into three types - based on token passing, successors of Ethernet and based on switching technology.…

FDDI provides a number of fault-tolerant features. In particular, FDDI's dual-ring environment, the implementation of the optical bypass switch, and dual-homing support make FDDI a resilient media technology. Dual Ring…

Token BUS: A Brief History Although Ethernet was widely used in the offices, but people interested in factory automation did not like it because of the probabilistic MAC layer protocol.…